BUILDING THE RIGHT NARRATIVE

Introduction

We are living in the information age. The advent of the smartphone and the internet has placed information at the tip of our fingers and communication has never been so easy. In India, smart phone penetration stands at over 66 per cent, and is expected to be as high as 95 per cent by 2040. An individual today is instantly connected with family and friends—indeed with the whole world through the social media. Today, mobile devices enable practically everything a person wishes to do, from listening to books, taking pictures, playing games, editing documents, getting medical opinion or carrying out financial transactions. While this has empowered the individual like never before, it also comes with certain risks. Information consumed may not be true. It may be used to incite target groups to violence, create social discord, subvert populations and create anarchy. The Armed Forces too are not immune from this phenomenon.

India’s military has traditionally been viewed with great respect in the country. In a study carried out by market research firm Ipsos, over 70 per cent of Indians in urban areas stated that the armed forces were the most trustworthy, followed by scientists and teachers. Even in areas where the Army has been deployed for a long time in Counter Insurgency and Counter Terrorism (CICT) operations, the local population has always held the Armed Forces in great esteem. That goes to the credit of the Armed Forces personnel and to the military leadership. It is essential that the trust level between the people and their Armed Forces be maintained at the highest level. It is also essential that nothing should be done to dent the morale of the soldier, as the military is the final bastion in the nations defence structure. Service grievances, hence, need to be dealt with expeditiously, as these can be exploited through the social media to create tension. Personnel also need to be protected from fake news and false narratives. This is a matter of serious concern that would require focussed attention by the military and political leadership.

Concerns of the Armed Forces: Parity in Pay and Allowances

Over the years, concerns have been expressed by both serving personnel as well as by the veteran community of a perceived dilution in the status and entitlements of the Armed Forces. While the people of India have great respect for the Armed Forces, the same cannot be said of the nations bureaucracy. An example is the manner in which successive pay commissions have handled the issue of pay and allowances of Armed Forces personnel.

As equivalence in seniority between armed forces personnel and the civilian bureaucracy is equated with pay scales, the manner in which pay and allowances are looked into by each pay commission, plays a critical role in determining such equivalence. The first pay commission was established in 1946 and it gave its report in May 1947 to the interim government of India. The commission was set up with a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India as the chairperson and with members from the Indian Administrative Service. There was no representation from the military, and this has remained the trend since then, in all the pay commissions that have been held thereafter, at intervals varying from 11 to 12 years. However, the gap between the sixth and seventh pay commissions, established in 2006 and 2013 respectively was only nine years, perhaps to leverage electoral advantage in the 2014 general elections. 

It was the third Central Pay Commission (CPC) that for the first time was tasked to enquire into the structure of emoluments of both the civilian employees of the Government and the Armed Forces. Prior to this, the matter was entrusted to departmental committees. It was the third CPC which resulted in pension anomalies  for military veterans. The fact that military personnel retired at an early age was not given due consideration. The fourth CPC came out with the concept of rank pay, but deceitfully deducted the amount from the basic pay. This led to a decrease in basic pay, which created huge anomalies in equivalence between military officers and their civilian counterparts and was akin to a fraud being committed on the Armed Forces. 

The fifth CPC recommendations for lateral transfer of Armed Forces personnel remained on paper and were not implemented. The seventh CPC recommended Non-functional Financial Upgradation (NFU) for IAS and other Group A Services, but denied the same to the Armed Forces as well as to the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF). the seventh CPC also mandated time-scale promotions to defence civilians from audit and account services, police, and other officers at regular intervals of 4, 9, 13, 14, and 16 years of service but did not do so for the armed forces officers. This has created absurd equivalences, with very junior officers from the civil services being equated with senior officers from the Armed Forces and throwing up functional problems where both have to work in the same organisation.

In the matter of allowances, the seventh CPC, recognising the need for compensating soldiers who served in difficult areas like the Siachen Glacier, increased the allowance for serving in such areas to Rs 31,500 per month for officers and Rs 21000 for JCO’s and below. However, they at the same time, gave a Special Duty Allowance to civilians serving in the Northeast amounting to 30 percent of basic pay. Group A officers posted in state capitals like Aizawl, Guwahati, Shillong and Kohima were entitled to such allowance, which in real terms was more than what the military got for serving in the hardest battlefield like the Siachen! The Service Chiefs wrote a letter to the Raksha Mantri pointing out these and other anomalies but no action was taken and the 7th CPC was implemented without rectification.

The issue of One rank One Pension (OROP) has also caused a lot of heartburn to the Armed Forces fraternity. Promised more than five decades ago, it was conveniently brushed under the carpet. The BJP led NDA government finally granted OROP on 7 November 2015 and to a large extent, met the requirements of the Forces. However,   there are still some issues which need resolution and it is hoped that a more constructive approach is adopted to resolve the issue in its entirety.

The issue of NFU, parity in allowances and anomalies in the seventh CPC also need to be addressed. It would be best to have a service member as part of the next CPC, which is likely to be held in 2026, to ensure that the interests of the Armed Forces are not compromised in future. 

Counter Insurgency and Counter Terrorism Operations

The long periods in which the Army has been engaged in Counter Insurgency and Counter Terrorism (CICT) operations has also led to an increasing spotlight being focussed on the military with respect to its functioning, especially on the issue of Human Rights. Many activists as well as some members of the judiciary, the media and others, continue to question the conduct of the Army in CICT operations, mostly due to a lack of understanding of the environment in which the Army has to operate as well as on the nature of the threat and response mechanisms required to negate the same. More insidious is the attempt by a coterie which deliberately targets the Army as part of an agenda to denigrate India’s Armed Forces. 

On 9 April 2017, Maj Gogoi used a civilian as a human shield to extricate some security forces personnel from stone pelters in Kashmir. This incident received a lot of media attention, with political parties in J&K castigating the Army and calling its action inhuman. A few senior veterans who should have known better also got into the bandwagon to criticise the incident. The central point however, was that the extrication was carried out without any loss of life or injury. The officer acted in good faith in terms of the law, in the circumstances then prevailing, but it suited a section of people to politicise the incident. A former judge of the Allahabad High Court, Justice Devi Prasad Singh however put the incident in the correct perspective when he said that the action taken by Major Gogoi was correct and in conformance with Sections 76, 78, 79, 80 and 81 of the IPC. 

On 3 November 2014, military personnel manning a vehicle check post fired on a car which did not stop when asked to do so. There were five occupants in the car, all teenagers, two of whom were killed in the firing and two were injured. The incident was extensively covered in the media and given a political hue. To defuse tensions the Army, after conducting a swift inquiry, indicted nine soldiers who were part of the vehicle check post. This was unfortunate. All vehicles have to stop at check points as a security measure in the prevailing environment and firing on the car which was speeding away was in order as the occupants of the car could well have been terrorists. Indicting the military personnel sent a wrong message to the security forces that a person can be punished for simply doing his duty. Military personnel would be loath to act in future which would result in worsening the security situation.

The recent incident of 4 December, 2021, wherein troops of 21 Para SF fired on a vehicle in the Tiru-Oting area of Mon district in Nagaland after receiving wrong intelligence inputs about move of a terrorist groups, highlights the challenges faced by security forces in CICT operations. Six villagers were killed in the ambush, which was unfortunate, but such occurrences are rare and need not be blown out of proportion. In high intensity operations carried out over many years, there will be cases where human error comes into play. This has to be understood both by the judiciary as well as by political parties. India’s enemies will try to make political capital of such incidents, but these have to be effectively countered with facts. The Indian Army has consistently focussed on ensuring that the civil population suffers no collateral damage during CICT operations and its record has been exemplary, but there will be times that mishaps will occur. Such incidents are rare and the Army takes immediate corrective action. Interference by the judiciary in the Army’s conduct of CICT operations will have long-term negative consequences and will simply embolden terrorists and their sympathisers. The judiciary hence must be sensitised to this aspect as passions will be whipped up to stigmatise the Army and seek the repeal of AFSPA. In any case, if the security situation can be handled by the state police, then AFSPA will have no relevance. On this issue, the Army Chief, Gen MM Naravane was quite candid in an interview he gave to a news channel. “We are only the instruments in implementing AFSPA” he said. “I will be most happy if a call (to repeal AFSPA) is taken as the Army can focus on the conventional role of the Army” he added.

Shaping Perceptions and Attitudes

There is evidently a need to shape the perceptions and opinions of the citizens along with ensuring the morale and welfare of the Armed Forces. The two issues are complementary and aren’t mutually exclusive.

With respect to issues which impact the Armed Forces and veterans, there should be a degree of circumspection exercised by the veteran community on matters which impact on the Armed Forces. It is inappropriate, to say the least, for veterans to pass critical comments on the senior military leadership or on military operations which the Armed Forces undertake. Those at the helm in the military should also tread carefully when dealing with issues that concern the veterans. Perhaps institutionalised interaction on a quarterly basis between the veterans and the serving personnel could smoothen matters to a great degree. This would keep the serving personnel informed of the concerns of veterans, and the veterans would likewise be sensitised to the working environment of the decision makers and the challenges therein. 

The military fraternity functions on trust, camaraderie and morale. Ill conceived words and actions can greatly damage the military’s internal cohesion. This is not to state that disagreements should be swept under the carpet. Rather, it is a call to the veterans, to develop circumspection in the manner in which they deal with the media and it is an appeal to the military leadership for empathy in policy decisions impacting both serving and retired personnel.

The creation of the office of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), has met a long-felt need of the Armed Forces. The CDS has also been made a Secretary in the newly created Department of Military Affairs (DMA). There has been uninformed criticism of making the CDS also don the hat of the Secretary, DMA. The criticism is focussed on protocol issues, but what is not appreciated is that earlier,  the services had no say in decision making and now, with the CDS being Secretary, DMA, this lacuna is finally addressed. Now, being a part of the government and not just a mere department of the Ministry of Defence, the Armed Forces have a much greater role to play in their own affairs. This will impact positively on the modernisation process, and hopefully should lead to better civil-military coordination. Also, it can now be expected that when the eighth CPC is constituted in 2026, it will have a representative from the military. This will eliminate discrimination against the Armed Forces as seen in the seventh and earlier CPC’s. The office of the Secretary DMA as well as the CDS will henceforth play an important role in the modernisation of the Armed Forces as also in ensuring that soldiers are not short-changed in future.

There is also a need to sensitise the judiciary as well as civil rights groups and the public at large on the issue of the Army’s functioning in CICT operations. Think tanks can play a great role in this regard. The veteran community can also play a major role in shaping perceptions and attitudes in this regard in TV debates and discussions and through their writing on the subject in the print media, especially in the regional language. For this, the serving fraternity should be upfront in providing data so that the facts can be presented in a timely manner and in the correct perspective.

Let us remember that we are now living in the information age. Information is being weaponised to bring out a sense of insecurity within the military fraternity and create a wedge between the Armed Forces and the civilian population. Such actions can be countered through a proactive approach, by laying the correct facts before the people and allaying their misgivings. The Armed Forces are the final instrument of the state and have served the nation with distinction. We must be cognisant of the attempts being made by the enemies of India to blunt the instrument of last resort. The consequences of the same can seriously impact our independence as Indian history since the 8th century CE has shown. We cannot afford to go down that path again.

Published in Scholar Warrior, Spring 2022